The Holy Roman Empire, a relic of a lost age, dominated Europe for 1,000 years, from the time of Charlemagne until its final `demolition' by Napoleon. This study, over thirty years old and now reprinted again, charts the fluctuating fortunes of the Empire's dynasties, the Ottonians, Salians and Habsburgs, and their constant struggle to assert their inherited authority over Italy, Rome and the Papacy. Half of the study focuses on the post-medieval years.